All India Karate-Do Federation_AIKF

ALL INDIA KARATE DO FEDERATION

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ALL INDIA KARATE-DO FEDERATION MEMORANDUM

Memorandum of Association

Registered under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 at Mumbai on 30 th March, 1978

Name of the Society: All India Karate do Federation
Headquarter: 3, 1st Main Road, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai,Tamilnadu – 600020
Objects:
(a) To be the controlling body of Karate Do in India.
(b) To promote and develop nationwide the true art and spiritual culture of Karate-do for physical culture, self-defense and amateur sport.
(c) To develop mutual understanding, mutual respect, spirit or unity, goodwill and fellowship among members and those interested in karate-do.
(d) To promote and organize regional/national championships, demonstrations seminars, clinics and camps.
(e) To standardize and control the quality of instructors for the betterment of the standard of karate-do and to arrange for instructions in karate-do to interested persons throughout India.
(f) To represent the country in National/International meetings and championships.
(g) To promote the standards of karate-do competitions and rules of refereeing and judging in accordance with amateur laws

Rules and Regulations of All India Karate-do Federation

Articles 1 : MEMBERSHIP

(i)The class of members will be :

( a) Corporate Member
(b) Associate member
(c ) Honorary member
(d) Patron-in-Chief/Patrons

(ii)Only Corporate members will be allowed to vote except when a corporate member of a particular state is not present and upon the governing body's approval an associate member of that state may be allowed to vote.

(iii)Any voting member has the right to be elected to any position in the Federation.

(iv)Any voting member may send his vote by post or authorize another to vote on his behalf. An authority letter to this effect must be produced.

(v)All classes of members shall be bound and abide by all decisions taken by the governing body and instructions issued by the headquarter of the Federation.

(a) CORPORATE MEMBER

Any Karate-do organization representing a state is eligible for corporate membership if it meets the following requirements :
(i) Its objects are similar to those of the Federation and it promotes the art in that State.
(ii) It is a registered body in that state.
(iii) It agrees in writing to be bound by the memorandum and regulations of the Federation and acknowledges the same in writing.
(iv) Its Coach/Principal Chief Instructor is approved by the President/Vice President Technical of the Federation.
(v) It agrees to furnish every year a report of its activities and a roster of its members.
(vi) It agrees to expel or include any person/club/organization in/from its membership on the directive of the Federation.
(vii) It is registered as an amateur organization in its state.
(viii) It pays the membership fee/s set by the governing body.

(b) ASSOCIATE MEMBER :

Qualification to become an Associate Member shall be as follows :
(i) Any state origination which is not yet recognized/registered as an amateur state body in its state but which complies with the other requirements of the governing body or any other organization the governing deems fit may be admitted as an Associate member.
(ii)In all other matters the same requisites as for "Corporate Member" apply.

(c) HONOURARY MEMBER

(i)Any person, office or organization may be admitted as a honorary member.
(ii)An honorary member by virtue of his special skills may be asked to attend Meetings and give technical assistance in an honorary capacity.

(d) PATRON-IN-CHIEF /PATRONS / VICE PATRONS

Any person, office or organization may be admitted to the Federation by the governing body and may be invited to attend meetings and training sessions in an advisory capacity by virtue of their special skills or at times where the governing body may deem fit.

Articles 2 : REGISTER OF MEMBERS

(a) A register showing the names and particulars of all corporate, associate and honorary members shall be maintained at the secretariat.
(b)Secretary shall issue to each member an appropriate membership certificate.
(c)Membership certificates shall be signed by the Present, Vice President/Secretary, Vice President Technical.

Articles 3 : CHANGE OF NAME

(a) Where the name of a member includes such words which affect the identity of another State or purport to advertise or promote any trade names or commercial enterprise or any other reason the governing body deems appropriate, the Federation shall have the right to request for change of name.
(b)Change of name of any member shall be reported to the President and Secretary within one month after its change.

Articles 4 : SUBSCRIPTIONS

(a)Corporate members shall pay Rs. 10,000/- for the first year and Rs.5000/- annually thereafter.
(b)Associate members shall pay Rs. 5,000/- annually and when an associate member becomes eligible for corporate membership an extra Rs. 5,000/- for that year will have to be paid.
(c)Subscription becomes due in January each year and should be made payable to All India Karate do Federation

Articles 5 : CESSATION OF MEMBERSHIP

Any member (Corporate, Associate, Honorary, Patron) or any member of the governing body shall cease to be a member of all India Karate do Federation :
(a)On its / his / her resignation by a letter addressed to the Secretary to the Federation.
(b)On its violating any of the rules or regulations or objects of the Federation or for any activities not keeping with the spirit of karate-do.
(c)On absenting itself/himself from three consecutive meetings of the governing body without reasonable ground.

Articles 6 : GOVERNING BODY

(1)There shall be a governing body of not more than "15" and not less than "7" members.
(2)Members shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting of the Federation or an Extra Ordinary General Meeting of the Federation, with the exception of Vice President Technical.
(3)Office bearers of the Governing Body shall consist of President, Vice President, Honorary Secretary, Honorary Joint Gen. Secretary, Honorary Treasurer, and Honorary Joint Treasurer.
(4)The President, Secretary or Treasurer may only hold office continuously for 2 terms of 4 years each. After the first term of 4 years the above office bearers shall be deemed elected if they receive a majority of not less than two-third of the votes. In the event of failure to obtain such majority, the concerned office bearers shall be deemed to have lost the election. The office would thereafter be filled by election under the normal procedure from amongst candidates other than the office bearer seeking re-election. No person who has already held the office of the President/Secretary/Treasurer in the Federation for two terms or eight years shall be eligible to seek re-election to any other of the above posts till the expiry of at least four years from the date on which he last vacated his office.
(5)The Office bearers shall be elected by the governing body form amongst themselves.
(6) Office of the Vice President Technical shall be permanent.

Articles 7 : TERM OF OFFICE BEARERS

The term of the office bearers will be for a period of one year with eligibility for re-election for further period. The founder Technical Directors shall not stand for election every year but shall hold their term of office until they volunteer their own resignation.

Articles 8 : DUTIES OF THE OFFICE BEARERS

The Chairman shall preside over the meeting of the general body and executive committee. In the absence of the Chairman one of the members nominated by the Chairman shall act in his place. In the absence of the Chairman and nominated Vice-Chairman the meeting shall elect his own chair and will preside over that particular meeting only.

Articles 9 : HONOURARY GENERAL SECRETARY

The duties and functions of the Honorary General Secretary are:
(1)To look after the welfare of the Federation and manage the same in accordance with its rules and regulations and the directions of the General Body and the Executive Committee.
(2) To be in charge of the office of the Federation and its properties.
(3)To carry on correspondence on behalf of the Federation.
(4)To call meetings and prepare a complete agenda for the Federation.
(5)To keep on record the proceedings of all the meetings of the Federation.
(6)To arrange for the collection of all dues of the Federation.
(7)To remit to the honorary Treasurer all collections made by him within ___ days thereof.
(8)To have authority to spend an amount not exceeding Rs. 500/- (Rupees five hundred only) in an emergency. The honorary shall furnish him with the said sum of money on requisition. Such expenses incurred should be brought to the notice of the executive committee at the earliest opportunity.

Articles 10 : HONOURARY GENERAL TREASURER

The duties of the Honorary General Treasurer will be :
(i) To be responsible for the funds of the Federation.
(ii)To receive all collections from persons authorized to receive, on behalf of the Federation.
(iii)To make all payments this will from time to time be sanctioned by the executive committee.
(iv)To keep true and correct statements of all such receipts and expenditures in proper books of accounts.
(v)To bring to the notice of the executive committee any irregularity in receipt of the expenditure of Federation money.
(vi)To operate a joint saving bank account in a Nationalized Bank with the President, Honorary General Secretary and deposit the funds keeping a petty cash of Rs. 00/-
(vii)To help the honorary auditor in all possible ways in auditing the accounts of the Federation and to explain him such items, entries or mode of accounting adopted for which explanations may be called for, and
(viii)To submit an audited statement of the accounts of the Federation at the Annual General Meeting of the Federation.

Articles 11 : MEETING

(1) A meeting of the Governing body shall be held once in six months at such place and time as the President or Secretary may determine. Voting by proxy or representation will be allowed provided an authorization letter is produced.
(2) Five Governing body members shall constitute a quorum.
(3) The President shall preside over all meetings of the Governing body and in his absence members present shall elect a chairman of the meeting. All questions before the meeting will be decided by a majority of votes, each member having one vote. The President or the Chairman shall take a second or casting vote in addition to his own vote in case of equality of votes.
(4) 20 days notice of the meeting specifying the place, time and general nature of work and business to be transacted shall be given to every member of the Governing Body. Emergency meeting may be called at 24 hours notice, with the concurrence of the President and one Vice President and details of emergency decisions taken must be informed to the governing body.
(5) Extraordinary General Meeting may be called if half of the members of the Governing Body desire it. An authorization letter to this effect should be circulated to all members at least 20 days in advance. If the meeting is not held within two months of the prescribed date the other members of the Governing Body are entitled to call the meeting and all decisions shall be binding of all members of the Federation.

Articles 12 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE GOVERNING BODY

The Governing Body shall have general powers of supervision and conduct over all the affairs of the Federation and its members and in particular shall discharge the following duties :
(a) To summon the Annual General Meeting of the Federation.
(b) To appoint sub committees with such powers and duties as may be considered necessary and expedient.
(c) To accept donations, gifts, subscription, property for the Federation.
(d) To sell, lease, mortgage or otherwise dispose of and deal with all or any part of the property of the Federation.
(e) To keep proper accounts of the Federation and to open bank account in the name of the Federation in one or more banks.
(f) Bank account will be operated jointly by the President, Secretary or Treasurer of the Federation. At least 2 out of the 3 must sign any mandatory transaction.
(g) To recognize grading of the instructors and to issue certificates to this effect. Such certificates will be valid only when signed by the Vice President Technical and President.

Articles 13 : SAFE CUSTODY OF FUNDS

(1)The Governing Body or the trustees of the Federation shall be responsible for the safe custody of funds and assets of the Federation.
(2)The funds of the Federation shall be kept in some Nationalized Bank and be invested in any securities specified under section 20 of the Indian Trust Act 1882.

Articles 14 : BOOKS OF ACCOUNTS AND INSPECTION

The books or account and other statutory books shall be kept at the registered/ head office and shall be open to inspection of the members of the Governing Body during usual office hours, and the same shall to open to inspection of the members at such time and place as the Governing body directs on a written request made by any member.

Articles 15 : ACCOUNTING YEAR

The accounting year of the Federation shall be January to December.

Articles 16 : TECHNICAL COUNCIL

Amendments may be made by a two-third majority in General Body Meeting as per section 12 of Society Registration Act 1860.

Articles 18 : DISSOLUTION CLAUSE

The society will be dissolved as per section 13 and 14 of the Society Registration Act 1860.

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Cash Flow Get Cash Flow for:

View: Annual Data | Quarterly Data All numbers in thousands Period Ending Dec 31, 2010 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2008 Net Income 8,505,000 6,520,000 4,226,858 Operating Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In Depreciation 1,396,000 1,524,000 1,499,887 Adjustments To Net Income 1,279,000 786,000 1,798,880 Changes In Accounts Receivables (1,129,000) (504,000) (334,464) Changes In Liabilities 1,342,000 511,000 182,801 Changes In Inventories - - - Changes In Other Operating Activities (312,000) 479,000 478,895 Total Cash Flow From Operating Activities 11,081,000 9,316,000 7,852,857 Investing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In Capital Expenditures (4,018,000) (810,000) (2,358,461) Investments (7,956,000) (7,101,000) 359,338 Other Cash flows from Investing Activities 1,294,000 (108,000) (3,320,299) Total Cash Flows From Investing Activities (10,680,000) (8,019,000) (5,319,422) Financing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In Dividends Paid - - - Sale Purchase of Stock (801,000) - (71,521) Net Borrowings 3,463,000 - - Other Cash Flows from Financing Activities 294,000 143,000 159,088 Total Cash Flows From Financing Activities 3,050,000 233,000 87,567 Effect Of Exchange Rate Changes (19,000) 11,000 (45,923) Change In Cash and Cash Equivalents 3,432,000 1,541,000 2,575,079

Currency in USD.

Government

Government of India

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Republic of India This article is part of the series: Politics and Government of India

Union Government[show] Constitution of India Fundamental Rights Executive President Vice President Prime Minister The Cabinet Parliament Rajya Sabha The Chairman Lok Sabha The Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections[show] Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner Political Parties[show] National Parties State Parties National Coalitions Left Front National Democratic Alliance (NDA) United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Local & State Govt.[show] Governor State Legislature Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Panchayat Gram panchayat Panchayat samiti Zilla Parishad

Other countries · Politics Portal Government of India Portal view · talk · edit

The Government of India, officially known as the Union Government, and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a union of 28 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is seated in New Delhi, the capital of India.

The government comprises three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. The executive branch headed by the President, who is the Head of State and exercises his or her power directly or through officers subordinate to him.^[1] The Legislative branch or the Parliament consists of the lower house, the Lok Sabha, and the upper house, the Rajya Sabha, as well as the president. The Judicial branch has the Supreme Court at its apex, 21 High Courts, and numerous civil, criminal and family courts at the district level.

The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the Civil Procedure Code, the Indian Penal Code, and the Criminal Procedure Code. The union and individual state governments consist of executive, legislative and judicial branches. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common and Statutory Law. India accepts International Court of Justice jurisdiction with several reservations. By the 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution, the Panchayat Raj system has been institutionalised for local governance.

Contents [hide] 1 Parliamentary government 1.1 Individual responsibility 1.2 Collective responsibility 2 Executive Branch 2.1 President 2.2 Cabinet Secretary 3 Judicial branch 3.1 National judiciary 4 Reform 4.1 Corruption 4.2 Inefficiency 4.3 Spending priorities 4.4 Deficits 5 Finance 5.1 Taxation 5.2 General budget 6 References 7 External links 8 Further reading

Parliamentary government

Sansad Bhavan

India has a parliamentary system of government based largely on that of the United Kingdom (Westminster system). However, eminent scholars including the first President Dr Rajendra Prasad have raised the question "how far we are entitled to invoke and incorporate into our written Constitution by interpretation the conventions of the British Constitution".^[2]

The legislature is the Parliament. It is bicameral, consisting of two houses: the directly-elected 545-member Lok Sabha ("House of the People"), the lower house, and the 250-member indirectly-elected and appointed Rajya Sabha ("Council of States"), the upper house. The parliament enjoys parliamentary supremacy.

All the members of the Council of Ministers as well as the Prime Minister are members of Parliament. If they are not, they must be elected within a period of six months from the time they assume their respective office. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha, individually as well as collectively.

Individual responsibility

Every individual minister is in charge of a specific ministry or ministries (or specific other portfolio). He is responsible for any act of failure in all the policies relating to his department. In case of any lapse, he is individually responsible to the Parliament. If a vote of no confidence is passed against the individual minister, he has to resign. Individual responsibility can amount to collective responsibility. Therefore, the Prime Minister, in order to save his government, can ask for the resignation of such a minister and the people have a say.

Collective responsibility

The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are jointly accountable to the Lok Sabha. If there is a policy failure or lapse on the part of the government, all the members of the council are jointly responsible. If a vote of no confidence is passed against the government, then all the ministers headed by the Prime Minister have to resign.

Executive Branch

Executive branch of government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy.The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers. The separation of powers system is designed to distribute authority away from the executive branch – an attempt to preserve individual liberty in response to tyrannical leadership throughout history.

President

The Rashtrapati Bhawan where President,Vice President,Cabinet Secretary and other Secretaries meet.

The executive power is vested on mainly the President of India by Article 53(1) of the constitution. The President enjoys all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53(1).The President is to act in accordance with aid and advise tendered by the head of government (Prime Minister of India) and his or her Council of Ministers (the cabinet) as described in Article 74 (Constitution of India).

The Constitution vests in the President of India all the executive powers of the Central Government. The President appoints the Prime Minister the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.

The Council of Ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the President. In practice, however, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it commands the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha. The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:

• Governors of States
• The Chief Justice, other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India.
• The Attorney General
• The President's Officer
• The Comptroller and Auditor General
• The Chief Election Commissioner and Cabinet Secretary
• The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission

Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries. The President also receives the credentials of Ambassadors and High Commissioners from other countries. The President is the de jure Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person for one time, particularly in cases involving punishment of death. The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the President exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Cabinet Secretary

The Cabinet Secretariat of India.

The head of executive officers is Cabinet Secretary after President of India.The Cabinet Secretary is under the direct charge of the Prime Minister. The administrative head of the Cabinet Secretariat is the Cabinet Secretary who is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board, and thus the head of the Indian Administrative Service.

As a matter of convention the senior most civil servant is appointed as a Cabinet Secretary. He belongs to the Indian Administrative Service. The incumbent has a fixed tenure of 4 years.

The Cabinet Secretary is the head of all the civil services under the constitution like IAS,IPS,IRS,IFS,PCS,PPS etc. Thus, he is the head of all the All India services including the Indian Police Service(IPS), Indian Administrative Service(IAS), Indian Foreign Service(IFS), Indian Revenue Service(IRS) and the Indian Forest Service(IFS). He ranks tenth in the Table of Precedence of India. The current Cabinet Secretary is Shri K.M.Chandrasekhar.

The following are the functions of a Cabinet Secretary:

Provide assistance to the Council of Ministers Act as advisor and conscience keeper of the civil services Handle senior appointments Prepare of the agenda of the Cabinet Attend the meetings of the Cabinet Ensure that the Cabinet decisions are implemented Advise the Prime Minister Act as the Chairman of the Committee of Secretaries on Administration Act as the Chairman of the Chief Secretaries Committee Provide an element of continuity and stability to administration during crises In the Government of India Allocation of Business Rules, 1961 "Cabinet Secretariat" finds a place in the First Schedule to the Rules. The subjects allotted to this Secretariat are, firstly, secretarial assistance to Cabinet and Cabinet Committees, and secondly, the administration of the Rules of Business.

The Cabinet Secretariat is responsible for the administration of the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961 and the Government of India Allocation of Business Rules 1961, facilitating smooth transaction of business in Ministries/Departments of the Government by ensuring adherence to these rules. The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/Departments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/adhoc Committees of Secretaries. Through this mechanism new policy initiatives are also promoted.

The Cabinet Secretariat ensures that the President of India, the Vice-President and Ministers are kept informed of the major activities of all Departments by means of a monthly summary of their activities. Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordinating activities of the various Ministries in such a situation is also one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat.

The Cabinet Secretariat has 3 wings: Civil, Military and Intelligence. The Civil wing is the main wing and provides aid, advise and assistance to the Union Cabinet. The Military wing provides secretarial assistance to the Defence Committee of the Cabinet, the Military Affairs Committee, the National Defence Council and other committees dealing with defence matters. The Intelligence wing deals with matters pertaining to the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Union Cabinet. The chief of Research and Analysis Wing R&AW also officially first reports to the Cabinet Secretary, and is officially designated Secretary R in the Cabinet Secretariat. The Cabinet Secretary is arguably India's most powerful bureaucrat and right hand of Prime Minister of India.

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of India.

India's independent judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries. The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 30 associate justices, all appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. In the 1960s, India moved away from using juries for most trials, finding them to be corrupt and ineffective, instead almost all trials are conducted by judges.

Unlike its US counterpart, the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and federal level. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of India, High Courts of India at the state level, and District Courts and Sessions Courts at the district level.

National judiciary

Main article: Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court of India has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more states, or between the Government of India and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other, or between two or more states, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.

In addition, Article 32 of the Indian Constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The Supreme Court has been conferred with power to direct transfer of any civil or criminal case from one State High Court to another State High Court, or from a court subordinate to another State High Court.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) : Although the proceedings in the Supreme Court arise out of the judgments or orders made by the Subordinate Courts, of late the Supreme Court has started entertaining matters in which interest of the public at large is involved, and the Court may be moved by any individual or group of persons either by filing a Writ Petition at the Filing Counter of the Court, or by addressing a letter to Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India highlighting the question of public importance for invoking this jurisdiction.

Reform

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in India

Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2007

In 2009, nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes, including rape or murder.^[3]

There are many institutional efforts such as the Right to Information Act, computerization/e-Governance, the establishment of Lokayukta who can be Cabinet Secretary to check corruption.

Inefficiency

Currently, most spending fails to reach its intended recipients.^[4] Lant Pritchett calls India's public sector "one of the world's top ten biggest problems - of the order of AIDS and climate change".^[4] The Economist article about Indian civil service (2008) said that Indian central government employs around 3 million people and states another 7 million, including "vast armies of paper-shuffling peons".^[4] The Economist states that "India has some of the hardest-working bureaucrats in the world, but its administration has an abysmal record of serving the public".^[5]

Unannounced visits by government inspectors showed that 25% of public sector teachers and 40% of public sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace. Teacher absence rates ranged from 15% in Maharashtra to 71% in Bihar. Despite worse absence rates, public sector teachers enjoy salaries at least five times higher than private sector teachers. India's absence rates are among the worst in the world.^[6][7][8][9]

Many experiments with computerization have failed due to corruption and other factors.^[10][11] In 2008, Tanmoy Chakrabarty noted that "There are vested interests everywhere, politicians fear that they will lose control with e-government, and this is coming in the way of successful implementation of e-government projects in India. [...] Out of the 27 projects under the NEGP, only one (the MCA21 program) has been completed. There is tremendous gap between conceptualization and implementation".^[11]

Spending priorities

See also: Subsidies in India

The government subsidizes everything from gasoline to food.^{[12][dead link]} Loss-making state-owned enterprises are supported by the government.^{[12][dead link]} Farmers are given electricity for free.^{[12][dead link]} Overall, a 2005 article by International Herald Tribune stated that subsidies amounted to 14% of GDP.^{[12][dead link]} As much as 39 percent of subsidized kerosene is stolen.^{[12][dead link]} Moreover, these subsidies cause economic distortions.^{[12][dead link]}

On the other hand, India spends relatively little on education, health, or infrastructure. Urgently needed infrastructure investment has been much lower than in China. According to the UNESCO, India has the lowest public expenditure on higher education per student among developing and developed countries.^[13]

Deficits

As per the CIA World Factbook, India ranks 23rd in the world, with respect to the Public Debt, with a total of 61.30% of GDP, just before United States, which ranks 24th (2008 estimated).^[14]

Finance

Taxation

Main article: Taxation in India

Regional office of the State Bank of India (SBI), India's largest bank, in Mumbai. The government of India is the largest shareholder in SBI.

India has a three-tier tax structure, wherein the constitution empowers the union government to levy income tax, tax on capital transactions (wealth tax, inheritance tax), sales tax, service tax, customs and excise duties and the state governments to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods, tax on entertainment and professions, excise duties on manufacture of alcohol, stamp duties on transfer of property and collect land revenue (levy on land owned). The local governments are empowered by the state government to levy property tax and charge users for public utilities like water supply, sewage etc.^[15][16] More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes, of which half come from Indirect taxes. More than a quarter of the union government's tax revenues is shared with the state governments.^[17]

The tax reforms, initiated in 1991, have sought to rationalise the tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions:

• Reducing the rates of individual and corporate income taxes, excises, customs and making it more progressive
• Reducing exemptions and concessions
• Simplification of laws and procedures
• Introduction of permanent account number (PAN) to track monetary transactions
• 21 of the 28 states introduced value added tax (VAT) on April 1, 2005 to replace the complex and multiple sales tax system^[16][18]

The non-tax revenues of the central government come from fiscal services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services.^[19]

Inter-state share in the federal tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the Finance Commission to the President.

Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18% of national GDP. This compares to a figure of 37–45% in the OECD.

General budget

The Finance minister of India presents the annual union budget in the Parliament on the last working day of February. The budget has to be passed by the Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on April 1, the start of India's fiscal year. The Union budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year. This economic survey involves all the various NGOs, women organizations, business people, old people associations etc.

The 2009 Union budget of India had a total estimated expenditure for 2009-10 was 1,020,838 crore (US$226.6 billion), of which 695,689 crore (US$154.4 billion) was towards Non Plan and 325,149 crore (US$72.2 billion) towards Plan expenditure. Total estimated revenue was 619,842 crore (US$137.6 billion), including revenue receipts of 614,497 crore (US$136.4 billion) and capital receipts of 5,345 crore (US$1.2 billion), excluding borrowings. The resulting fiscal deficit was 400,996 crore (US$89 billion) while revenue deficit was 282,735 crore (US$62.8 billion).The gross tax receipts were budgeted at 641,079 crore (US$142.3 billion) and non-tax revenue receipts at 140,279 crore (US$31.1 billion).

India's non-development revenue expenditure has increased nearly fivefold in 2003–04 since 1990–91 and more than tenfold since 1985–1986. Interest payments are the single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40% of the total non development expenditure in the 2003–04 budget. Defence expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing due to India's desire to project its military prowess beyond South Asia. In 2007, India's defence spending stood at US$26.5 billion.^[20]

References

India portal

1. ^ Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt of India: Constitution of India, updated up to 94th Amendment Act, page 26,http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf
2. ^ Why we need an executive president : Rajinder Puri, Outlook India, para 11, http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235067
3. ^ Washington Post:When the Little Ones Run the Show (quote from the New Delhi based Association for Democratic Reform)
   retrieved 14 May 2009
4. ^ ^{a b c} India's civil service: Battling the babu raj
   Mar 6th 2008 The Economist
5. ^ "India's civil service: Battling the babu raj"
   . The Economist. March 6, 2008. http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10804248
   .
6. ^ Teachers and Medical Worker Incentives in India by Karthik Muralidharan
7. ^ Combating India's truant teachers
   . BBC
8. ^ Private Schools in Rural India: Some Facts
   (presentation) / Public and Private Schools in Rural India
   (a paper). Karthik Muralidharan, Michael Kremer.
9. ^ Teacher absence in India: A snapshot
10. ^ Subhash Bhatnagar (Indian Institute of Management). "Transparency and Corruption: Does E-Government Help?"
    . http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~subhash/pdfs/CHRIDraftPaper2003.pdf
    .
11. ^ ^{a b} Swati Prasad (2008). "'Corruption' slowing India's e-govt growth"
    . ZDNet Asia. http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/business/0,39044229,62044787,00.htm
    .
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "India should redirect subsidies to those who need them"
    . The International Herald Tribute. 2005. http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/25/bloomberg/sxmuk.php
    .
13. ^ "Higher education spending: India at the bottom of BRIC"
    . Rediff. 2005. http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/feb/05edu.htm
    .
14. ^ CIA World Factbook
15. ^ Service tax and expenditure tax are not levied in Jammu and Kashmir; Intra-state sale happens when goods or the title of goods move from one state to another.
16. ^ ^{a b} Bernardi, Luigi and Fraschini, Angela (2005). Tax System And Tax Reforms In India
    . Working paper n. 51. http://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html
    .
17. ^ Tax revenue was 88% of total union government revenue in 1950–51 and has come down to 73% in 2003–04, as a result of increase in non-tax revenue. Tax revenues were 70% of total state government revenues in 2002 to 2003. Indirect taxes were 84% of the union governments total tax revenue and have come down to 62% in 2003–04, mostly due to cuts in import duties and rationalisation. The states share in union government's tax revenue is 28.0% for the period 2000 to 2005 as per the recommendations of the eleventh finance commission. In addition, states that do not levy sales tax on sugar, textiles and tobacco, are entitled to 1.5% of the proceeds.Datt, Ruddar & Sundharam, K.P.M. (2005). Indian Economy. S.Chand. pp. 938, 942, 946. ISBN 81-219-0298-3.
18. ^ "Indif_real_GDP_per_capitaa says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax"
    . Daily Times. March 25, 2005. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13
    .
19. ^ Datt, Ruddar & Sundharam, K.P.M.. "55". Indian Economy. pp. 943–945.
20. ^ Kamdar, Mira (April 3, 2008). "India's budget may backfire | The Australian"
    . Theaustralian.news.com.au. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23474033-23850,00.html
    . Retrieved 2008-11-03.

External links

• Government of India Portal
• Who's Who
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
• Latest Government Jobs in India

Further reading

• Subrata K. Mitra and V.B. Singh. 1999. Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-4 (U.S. HB).

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This page was last modified on 31 March 2011 at 18:48.